The ability to handle complex logical arguments. The ability to communicate well, perhaps both orally and in writing, perhaps in several languages. The ability to know your own body and mind. People who have good insight into themselves and make effective use of their other intelligences The ability to sense other's feelings and be in tune with others. Sales people, teachers, clinicians, politicians, religious leaders The ability to use one's physical body well. The eight intelligences are listed in alphabetical order.ĭancers, athletes, surgeons, crafts people It provides some examples of the types of professionals who exhibit a high level of an intelligence. The following table lists the eight intelligences identified by Howard Gardner. Alternatively, a teacher may encourage or require that team members not be allowed to work in their areas of highest ability in order to encourage their development of knowledge and skills in other areas. The teacher may encourage a team to divide up specific tasks in line with specific high levels of talents found on a team. For example, in creating a team of students to do a particular project, a teacher may select a team whose collective "highest" talents encompass most of the eight areas of intelligence identified by Gardner. Many PBL-using teachers have studied the work of Howard Gardner and use some of his ideas in their teaching. More recently, he has added an eighth intelligence to his list (Educational Leadership, 1997). He argues that these intelligences are relatively distinct from each other and that each person has some level of each of these seven intelligences. He originally identified seven components of intelligence (Gardner, 1983). Howard Gardner has proposed a theory of multiple intelligences. A single number (a score on an IQ test) cannot adequately represent the complex and diverse capabilities of a human being. A person may be good at learning languages and terrible at learning music-or vice versa. Some researchers in the field of intelligence have long argued that people have a variety of different intelligences. More detail on the work of Gardner, Sternberg, and Perkins is given in the next three subsections. PBL can be used as a vehicle in which students can use and improve their intelligence. We can become more intelligent through study and practice, through access to appropriate tools, and through learning to make effective use of these tools (Perkins, 1995). It says that each of us can become more intelligent. This definition of intelligence is a very optimistic one. This includes solving problems, accomplishing tasks, fashioning products, and doing complex projects. This includes recognizing problem situations and transforming them into more clearly defined problems. This includes all kinds of informal and formal learning via any combination of experience, education, and training. Intelligence is a combination of the ability to: The following definition is a composite from various authors. Howard Gardner (1983, 1993), Robert Sternberg (1988, 1997), and David Perkins (1995) have written widely sold books that summarize the literature and present their own specific points of view. There is an extensive and continually growing collection of research papers on the topic.
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There is no clear agreement as to what constitutes IQ or how to measure it. The study and measurement of intelligence has been an important research topic for nearly 100 years IQ is a complex concept, and researchers in this field argue with each other about the various theories that have been developed. Project-based Learning Using Information Technology. The following material reflects the work of these three researchers and is quoted from Chapter 4 of the book: Moursund, D.G.
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Howard Gardner, David Perkins, and Robert Sternberg have all been quite successful in helping spread knowledge about the meaning of "intelligence" and applications of this knowledge to education. An overview of some of this complexity is provided in Hunt (1995). We can become more intelligent through study and practice, through access to appropriate tools, and through learning to make effective use of these tools (Perkins, 1995).ĭefinition of Intelligence Howard Gardner David Perkins Robert Sternberg References A Definition of Intelligence Theories of Intelligence OTEC Home Page Annotated Reference List
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